Examine the problems that unions have to face when work arrangements Essay

Examine the problems that unions have to face when work arrangements become more market-based and individualised. Discuss also the advantages for employers that - Essay Example ble in that trade unions and socialist parties became part of the new Labour party which pushed working class politics to national levels, with the trade union represented in the community through the political voice of the Labour Party (Savage and Miles 1987). However, in recent decades there has been a move towards de-industrialisation, with workplaces being increasingly pressured by downsizing and outsourcing, global competition and resulting changes in management. As pointed by Turok (2000), Britain as a whole lost 32% of its manufacturing jobs between 1981 and 1996. Public sector organizations in particular demonstrate a strong union presence and have traditionally been known as employee champions. However in the modern day environment, as reduced resources and outsourcing have resulted from more market based arrangements, the responsibility for the welfare of employees has shifted from the HR department the trade unions depended upon, to line managers. (Whittaker and Marchington 2003). In a market based, individualized framework, the role of trade unions has been increasingly sidelined, as white collar workers proliferate in a digital environment. Globalization and the age of the Internet has produced a surplus of white collar workers as opposed to the blue collar workers who were well represented by unions. Unions have played a significant role in the past through the organization of strikes to compel employers to provide better benefits and working conditions. Machin and Stewart (1984) undertook a study of performance measures of workers vis a vis financial performances during plant closures in 1984. Their findings showed that in the case of companies reporting a below average financial performance, closure of the plant due to strikes was likely to have occurred. Therefore a direct correlation may be said to have existed between employee productivity and union activity. With de-industrialization, some firms have also moved towards the introduction of

Graduate School Versus Work: A Post College Decision in America Essay

Education stimulates and develops human thoughts and wisdom. In many developed countries, people are responsible to receive fundamental education to secondary school by law. Students attending university after high school became a social trend in North America for decades. Universities develop and train student with advance professional skills and knowledge. Graduate school and work are ultimate options university graduated students consider after achieving their bachelor diploma. Although comparable high expectations are anticipated from work and graduate study, graduate school is a more advantage option for university students after graduation. At work and in graduate schools, university graduates are expected with high standard thinking and skill qualities. Critical reasoning is the main study component at the university level. University students scrutinize rudiment theories strategically, and correlate concepts together making extensive understanding of the studied subject. Practice in researches, experiments, and case studies formulate students’ independence to learn and anal...

Seasons of Life: Infancy and Early Childhood

The following reviews the value of understanding human development over a lifetime and highlights key theories from within the first five years of life as recognized in the Seasons of Life video series. Included is a reflection on a theory of attachment, three clocks that influence life, temperament and early memories. How these theories pertain to the individual‘s early development and effects in later years will be discussed along with the author’s personal opinion. Seasons of Life: Early Perspective What appears to be universally interesting about life is people. This is evidenced by the large amount of information, resources and theories that surround people and their development. The video series Seasons of Life: Infancy and Early Childhood (1990) highlight key elements in early development and their effects that contribute toward the individual throughout their life. One theory mentioned in Seasons of Life, is that of attachment. John Bowlby expressed that innately humans are equipped at birth to cause attachment to their caregivers. If the attachment is successful the cycle should continue, acting as the foundation for healthy, successful relationships throughout the lifespan (Bowlby, 1982). Each of the child subjects in the Seasons of Life appeared to have successful attachment to their caregiver. This was regardless of whether the child stayed primarily in the home for care and was surrounded with extended family, had few local relatives, spent time in day care or had a grandparent as a main caregiver. Also reviewed in the film were three clocks that caused influence in people’s lives. The first was a biological clock. This clock was said to have the strongest influence early on, and as early as in the womb. The second was a social clock. This clock was described as society’s age related expectations of the individual at any given time (Berk, 2010). For example that people should marry in their twenties then follow with having children, et cetera. The social clock was also described as evolving with societal changes in expectations. The psychological clock was listed third and described as the passage of time in people’s lives. This timekeeper could drive people to become themselves. Examples stated were of feeling an age rather than the actual years lived and where evidence of deep long-lasting emotional attachment could be revealed in later years. Another aspect of development highlighted was temperament. A wide range of child temperaments were represented in the film. It was discussed that these dispositions would remain with the children throughout their years. Some were seen as relaxed and easy-going and others were challenging and determined. The narrator discussed that the temperaments seen in early months and years might serve the children later on toward reaching their goals. Additionally mentioned in the video, and perhaps the most impactful for me, was that the individuals search for the meaning of self could and would be directed back to their earliest memories. Concrete memories were mentioned to be available beginning around 3 to 4 years of age. Of all the information available in Seasons of Life, that of correlating my feelings of self and my earliest memories was overwhelming. As the narrator spoke, my mind wandered over many memories that, now I understand, forged much of what I have become today. Some were bitter, others sweet, and they all held an interesting explanation of why and how I have become me. I greatly enjoyed watching Seasons of Life. With a smile, I was really happy to see Mr. Rogers one more time. I have since forwarded along the website to many in the hopes it will shed light on a current struggle or awaken an understanding, just as it has for me. I plan on employing these new resources in my interactions with family and those around me while anticipating what the next episode has to offer.

The Effects Of Substance Abuse On Children - 1364 Words

Everyone is familiar with bullying, it’s almost like a rite of passage for most Americans; we see it in movies and are all-too familiar with it. We typically don’t think about the consequences of bullying, but studies have shown that students who are bullied at school in grades 7-12 are 50% more likely to abuse substances (Promises Treatment Center). Bullying is the act of physical or verbal tormenting over a set amount of time, usually targeted at one person or a group of people. Bullying is an international issue that ruins the victim s emotional well-being. Those who are victims of bullying can turn to drugs or other substances as a form of coping; people who bully can be shown to have abusive tendencies with these substances as well.†¦show more content†¦Students who report being bullied weekly tend to be heavier drinkers compared to those who were not bullied (Tharp-Taylor). This shows that students are more vulnerable to abuse substances because they are at the age in which they don’t feel comfortable talking to their parents, or want to try to deal with their own problems, so they turn to alcohol which can be easily accessible from a cabinet at home. Not only do victims of bullying abuse alcohol, but studies have shown that 30% of students who have been bullied also smoke marijuana (Promises Treatment Center). This study shows that students get high to self medicate so that they don’t have to deal with their low self-esteem. Low self-esteem due to bullying can stick with the victim throughout high school and sometimes even their whole life. Not only do victims suffer from substance abuse, but their aggressors as well. Bullies are just as likely to abuse substances as well as their victims. In a study conducted, 11.4% of middle school students who bully are reported to have used marijuana, and in high school, those numbers almost triple to 31.7%. When testing for alcohol and cigarette abuse, the numbers are almost iden tical (Besson). This suggests that bullies are just as vulnerable, if not more vulnerable, to abuse substances than their victims. It’s apparent that throughout the years bullies feel more

Human Microbiome and Microbiota

Robots, For Our Generation They Are New Invention Of 21St

Robots, for our generation they are new invention of 21st century, but truth is that even in ancient time’s great minds as Leonardo Da Vinci who was thinking to make a robots, which can make our life easier. As proof of people researchers discovered many interesting blueprints of robots, considering that it was 5 centuries ago this is astonishing. This essay will not be about robots that people use in military field or robots that we use in daily life this essay will reveal the field were robots play very big and important role, which is medicine. Nowadays medicine cannot exist without robots thanks to them we can treat many diseases that we thought untreatable or detect and find the ways to fight with new viruses. One man said that†¦show more content†¦The first transatlantic operation was made by surgeons in New York on patient in France. Recent telesurgey robots called remote-controlled da Vinci Robot. Surgeons who operated people using this robots claims that â₠¬Å"Basically, it’s the same as if I were next to the patient, just using telecommunication and robotics. It doesn’t feel different.†, â€Å"It’s the same as if I were sitting in the operating room,† he says. â€Å"I have both my hands on the robot the same way I would have instruments in both hands.† Even surgeon can speak with the nurses with speakers and give them instruction and surgeon can see everything moving robotic camera which makes function of his eyes. Although that telesurgery can change the world there still many issues that must be solved or it can lead to disaster. Poor and internet connection and big distance between surgeon and patient are the most important problems. For example when surgeon Merhan Avari made his 1st telesurgical operation there was a delay of about 175 milliseconds which is imperceptible, but if something interrupts the process we don’t expect robot finish operation in autopilot mode. 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The impact of Schizophrenia and Psychopathy to offending behaviour. Free Essays

string(172) " the early 1980s the general opinion was that people with schizophrenia were no more likely than the general population to be violent they claim that view is now outdated\." Introduction For many years people have associated mental disorders with offending behaviour and in particular, violent offending. According to Jones (2006 p, 383) evidence has been found that individuals who are mentally ill are at greater risk of arrest then the general population. He argues that in an attempt to investigate the relationship between mental disorders and offending behaviour studies have been conducted which have mainly focused on mental disorder in convicted offenders and offending rates in psychiatric populations. We will write a custom essay sample on The impact of Schizophrenia and Psychopathy to offending behaviour. or any similar topic only for you Order Now As a result of these studies schizophrenia and psychopathy are the two disorders that appear to be most associated with offending. This essay will attempt to describe the terms schizophrenia and psychopathy in some detail and discuss the relation each in turn has with offending behaviour. Schizophrenia, according to Davenport (1996 p,172), is a severe mental disorder characterised with symptoms of disintegration in the thinking process, in emotional responsiveness and in contact with reality. Social relationships become impossible and cognitive functions are disturbed. Sufferers of schizophrenia may withdraw from other people and from everyday reality, often into a life of odd beliefs, or delusions, and hallucinations.The symptoms of schizophrenia can often make stable employment difficult, resulting in impoverishment and homelessness. The strange behaviour displayed by schizophrenics and the lack of social skills may lead to a loss of friends, a solitary existence and sometimes ridicule and persecution. The German psychiatrist Emil Kraepelin (1896, cited by Gross, 2008. P.791) was the first to recognise schizophrenia as a separate mental illness. He described it as a distinct disorder which he called ‘dementia praecox’, meaning early insanity. Kraepelin believed that the symptoms were due to a form of mental deterioration that began in adolescences. However Bleuler (1911, cited by McGuire, Mason O’Kane, 2000, p.162), a Swiss psychiatrist, disagreed with Kraepelin, he believed that the disorder did not necessarily have an early onset and the name ‘dementia praecox’ was inappropriate. Bleuler proposed his own term for the disorder, one that is still used today, schizophrenia. Schizophrenia is taken from the Greek word schizein, meaning to split, and phren, meaning the mind to describe a disorder in which the personality loses its unity. Individuals with schizophrenia can significantly differ from one another and asKring et al (2010, p.321) explains this is because the range of symptoms in the diagnosis of schizophrenia is extensive and people may only have some of them at any given time. The symptoms of schizophrenia are divided into three categories. The first category refers to positive symptoms and these are based on Schneider’s first rank symptoms (1959, cited by Gross, 2008 p.791) which are subjective and include delusions, hallucinations and thought disturbances. Delusions are beliefs that are held contrary to reality and firmly held in spite of disconfirming evidence. Hallucinations which may be visual, these are often unpleasant and frequently include violence and destruction, but are most commonly auditory, typically as voices commenting or giving instructions. Thought disturbances are where thoughts are inserted into the mind (thought insertion), removed from the mind (thought withdrawal) or b roadcast to the mind (thought broadcasting) by external forces. The second category refers to negative symptoms that are based on Slater and Roth’s major symptoms (1969, cited by Gross, 2008, p.792). These are directly observable from the patient and include thought process disorder, disturbance of affect, psychomotor disturbance and lack of volition. Thought process disorder refers to the inability to keep to the point and becoming easily distracted. Disturbance of affect refers to affect that can be flat and expressionless or alternatively it can be inappropriate such as anger without provocation or laughter at misfortune. Psychomotor disturbance can take the form of bizarre facial grimaces, repeated gesturing or excited agitation of the body; alternatively unusual postures can be adopted and held, in a state of immobility, for long periods. Finally lack of volition refers to a lack of motivation and an absence of interest in or an inability to persist in what are usually routine activities including work, self care, social activiti es and affection for friends and family. The third category according to Kring et al (2010, p.324) refer to disorganised symptoms which include disorganised speech and disorganised behaviour. Disorganised speech refers to problems in organising and maintaining a logical and coherent flow of information, whilst disorganised behaviour refers to bizarre behaviour which can take many forms, sufferers seem to lose the ability to organise behaviour in a way that conforms to usual standards, performing everyday tasks also becomes difficult. Many studies have been conducted to examine the relationship, if any, between schizophrenia and offending behaviour, some of these studies have shown that there is a relationship between the two. For example Green (1981, cited by Jones, 2006, p. 389) conducted a survey of 58 men admitted to mental hospitals after they had killed their mothers and discovered that 75% of them were suffering from schizophrenia. Taylor (1986, p.76) conducted a survey of life sentence prisoners in London and discovered a high level of schizophrenia. These findings are inconsistent with the work of Monahan and Steadman (1983, cited by McGuire, Mason and O’Kane, 2000, p.165) who conducted an influential review of research that was conducted prior to the early 1980. Their findings suggested that there was little if any relationship between offending behaviour and schizophrenia. They argue that many of the studies that appear to suggest a link between schizophrenia and offending behaviour have failed to take into account demographic factors such as poverty and unemployment. When these kinds of factors were considered, the apparent relationship between schizophrenia and offending behaviour, particularly violence, disappeared. However, Mullen (2006, p.241) suggests that many of the factors that produce offending in the general population are important in producing offending in schizophrenia. These include disturbed backgrounds, poor social conditions, unemployment and substance abuse, among others. But those with schizophrenia may be more vulnerable to those influences and this in turn may increase offending behaviour. Whilst Walsh, Buchanan Fahy (2002, p.490) acknowledge that until the early 1980s the general opinion was that people with schizophrenia were no more likely than the general population to be violent they claim that view is now outdated. You read "The impact of Schizophrenia and Psychopathy to offending behaviour." in category "Essay examples" They conducted a review of the main studies that have influenced current thinking about the association between schizophrenia and offending, in particular violence, between January 1990 and December 2000. Three different approaches were examined and these included studies on violent acts in those with schizophrenia, schizophrenia in individuals who have committed violent acts and violence in those with and without schizophrenia, regardless of involvement with the mental health or criminal justice systems. They found that the majority of studies conducted over the past two decades have demonstrated a statistical association between schizophren ia and violence. Furthermore that people with schizophrenia are significantly more likely to be violent than members of the general population. Finally that the proportion of violence attributed to people suffering with schizophrenia is small. The second mental disorder that is most associated with offending behaviour is psychopathy. Psychopathy, according to McLaughlin and Muncie (2006, p.323) is a collection of personality traits that lead to emotional or behavioural problems serious enough to require psychiatric evaluation. Psychopaths have no concern for the feelings of others and a complete disregard of any sense of social obligation. Psychopaths are characterised by lack of empathy, poor impulse control and manipulative behaviours. Kring et al (2010, p.368) argue that psychopathic people have no shame, and their seemingly positive feelings for others are merely an act. They are superficially charming and use that charm to manipulate others for personal gain and satisfaction. Psychopathy was first recognised in the early 1800s where the term was used in Austrian psychiatry text books but as Jones (2006, p.392) explains, it was not until 1976 in his classic book The Mask of Sanity that Hervey Cleckley drew on his clinical experience to formulate diagnostic criteria for Psychopathy. Cleckley’s criteria for psychopathy focused less on behaviour as such and more on the person’s thoughts and feelings. Kring et al (2010, p.368) explain that Cleckley produced a checklist which consisted of 16 distinguishable characteristics of a psychopath, although various researchers have tried to identify the typical characteristics of a psychopath. They go on to argue that there has been widespread approval of 6 key elements described by Cleckley, they are lack of guilt or remorse, an inability to learn from experience, an inability to delay gratification, an inability to form emotional ties, the constant seeking of stimulation and a superficial charm. The most commonly used scale that attempts to operationalise the concept of psychopathy and make assessment more reliable according to Kring et al (2010 p,270), was developed by Robert Hare in 1991 and is called the psychopathy checklist revised, known as the PCL-R test. The checklist, based on Cleckley’s criteria, is a 20 item clinical rating scale that is completed through interview and information gathered from other sources including criminal records, social worker reports and case histories. The scale divides into two linked factors, factor one includes interpersonal items, such as superficial charm, grandiose sense of self worth and pathological lying, and affective symptoms such as lack of remorse or empathy. Finally factor two measures socially deviant or anti social lifestyles, such as proneness to boredom and delinquency. The exact relationship between psychopathy and offending behaviour according to Mclaughlin and Muncie (2006, p323) has not been completely understood but it is clear that psychopathic charachteristics are highly associated with offending. Among offenders who score highly on the PCL-R test there are also high levels of criminality and violence. Hobson and Shine (1998, p.504) findings supports this view, they found that once imprisoned, psychopaths display more violent and aggressive behaviour and are more frequently segregated from other prisoners. Furthermore, after release, the likelihood of reconviction is significantly above that for non psychopaths, particularly for violent crimes. This view is shared by Hemphill et al (1998, cited by Gross 2008, p.842) after his Meta analysis study found that psychopathic offenders were three times as likely to reoffend and four times more likely to violently reoffend within a year of release than non psychopathic offenders. The criteria of the PCL-R test may show how psychopathic characteristics relate to offending behaviour. According to McLaughlin and Muncie (2006, p.323) the criteria of factor one for example, which includes grandiose sense of self worth and arrogance, highlights the need of psychopathic individuals to feel they are of high status, this need could be satisfied through various types of offending. Being pathological liars can also facilitate certain types of offending behaviour. Psychopaths do not feel the usually constraining emotions of guilt, remorse or empathy; as a result of these lacks of constraints the likelihood of offending behaviour in psychopathic individuals is increased.The emotional volatility of psychopathic individuals may also explain the increased violence that is evident from the studies previously mentioned. The second factor of the PCL-R which includes characteristics like proneness to boredom, impulsivity and delinquency can demonstrate why offending behaviou r in psychopathic individuals is increased. The examination of any relationship between psychopathy and offending behaviour is not helped by the unsatisfactory definition of the disorder. Jones (2006, p.393) argues that the definition is circular in that there are certain behaviours that are used to help assess the disorder, the disorder is then, in turn used to explain these behaviours. He goes on that there is already an established link between psychopathy and offending behaviour as it seems crime is incorporated into the definition of the disorder, he concludes that by the very nature of the characteristics of psychopathy, in essence, psychopathic behaviour is criminal behaviour. On analysis of both mental disorder in convicted offenders and offending rates in the psychiatric population it is easy to establish a firm relationship between the two mental disorders described in this essay and offending behaviour. Schizophrenia is the disorder that is probably the most associated with violent offending, although the actual number does appear to be very small. There is also an established link between psychopathy and offending behaviour although, that does seem to be incorporated in the definition of the disorder. References Davenport, G.C. (1996). Essential Psychology. (2nd ed.). London: HarperCollins Publishers Ltd. Gross, R. (2008) Psychology The Science Of Mind And Behaviour. (5th ed). London: Hodder Education. Hobson, J., Shine, J. (1998). Measurement of Psychopathy in a UK prison population referred for long term psychotherapy. British Journal of Criminology, 38,3, 504-515 Jones, S. (2006). Criminology. (3rd ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press Kring, A., Johnson, S., Davison, G., Neale, J. (2010). Abnormal Psychology. (11th Ed). West Sussex: Wiley Sons Ltd. McGuire, J., Mason, T., O’Kane, A. (Eds) (2000). Behaviour, Crime and Legal Process . West Sussex: Wiley Sons Ltd. McLaughlin, E. Muncie, J. (2006). The Sage Dictionary of Criminology (2nd ed.). London: Sage Publications Ltd. Mullen, P.E. (2006). Schizophrenia and Violence: From Correlation to Preventive Strategies, Advances in Psychiatric Treatment, 12, 239-248 Taylor, P. (1986). Psychiatric disorders in London’s Life Sentenced Offenders. British Journal of Criminology, 26, 63-78 Walsh, E., Buchanan, A., Fahy, T. (2002). Violence and Schizophrenia – Examining the Evidence. British Journal of Psychiatry, 180, 490-495. How to cite The impact of Schizophrenia and Psychopathy to offending behaviour., Essay examples